Objectives of lecture:
NIMA has a lot of standards, largely for "products" (the actual data) as well as the encoding methods...
Similarly, USGS has promulgated "standards" for each of their products...
SDTS was a major effort of the US government, BUT largely going unused...
FGDC has a lot of standards activity, much of it about metadata, as much as the data transfer
International Standards Organization (ISO) has TC211, working on a world level. (much of the documents are NOT available without a password). [paper on Refernce Model] The USA is represented at ISO by the NCIST technical committee L1... (it gets pretty confusing, acutally it is the same old cast of characters...)
The industry (and some other players) are working on Open GIS through a consortium.
a list of standards sites (USGS).
There is never an "origin, but 21 years ago gives some sense
of the long-term futility of these efforts...
National Committee for Digital Cartographic Data Standards (NCDCDS) created by American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (professional organization) because US Geological Survey (USGS) National Mapping Division (NMD) asked ACSM to create a standard for 'digital cartographic data exchange' to respond to general request from National Bureau of Standards for 'geoscience standards'.
Canadian Council on Surveying and Mapping withdraws draft to await US effort.
due to the General Accounting Office report on Duplicative Federal Mapping, the Office of Management and Budget revisits A-16, the mandate controlling mapping efforts. A Federal Interagency Coordinating Committee for Digital Cartography (FICCDC) is created. Interior is named lead and USGS NMD operates it subject to some internal squabbling with Bureau of Land Management... FICCDC was also charged with creating standards. (see the abortive FGEF)
1980s Digital Geographic Information Working Group (DGIWG) created by NATO, representatives of military mapping organizations (including Australia, etc.)
UK Working Party to produce national transfer standards, an informal group organized by Ordnance Survey (OS). National Transfer Standard adopted 1990?
ATKIS German cadastral mapping standard, specifies everything, schema, proceedures, but no software can really do it...
FICCDC renames itself to Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC),
NMD still in charge.
Spatial Data Transfer Standard generated by NCDCDS for USGS, reworked by FGDC Working Group to be submitted to NIST
Working Group on Data Organization chaired by T. Nyerges, Federal Register Dec 90
Uses ISO 8211 (a self-describing interchange encoding scheme) as a vehicle.
Includes Data Quality Specification (virtually unaltered from NCDCDS)
DIGEST the military (NATO) transfer standard. adopted by French IGN based on ISO 8211 (version A) or ISO 8824(B)
VPF Vector Product Format: designed for DMA (now NIMA) Digital Chart of the World. adopted by DGIWG as DIGEST-C. Not an exchange standard, but a format for direct use of database from CD-ROM.
SDTS (US National Standard: FIPS 173) Spatial Data Transfer Standard
adopted by NIST as FIPS PUB 173-1 1994 (1994?)
FGDC adopts Content Standards for Geospatial Metadata (incompatible w. SDTS)
Spatial Archive and Interchange Format (SAIF) adopted by Canadians, submitted to ISO as a part of SQL/MM (multi-media) standard! No longer visible, sorry.... This triggered the creation of TC211... (multi-inheritance, OO approach...) and in its private consultant form too; now called FME?
1994-6 Open GIS Foundation (also OGConsortium) issues working papers and concept documents.
TC287 of CEN draft stadards, related to ISO211 process... (it never ends)
ISO TC211 starts issuing draft standards; proposal for harmonization between TC 211 and OGC...
TC 287 adopted 1997/98 as "prestandards"
ANSI adopts SDTS as ANSI NCITS 320-1998, ratified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) June 9, 1998. FIPS updated to reflect newer version.
EXPRESS as basis for ISO/CEN, etc. ?
more committees meeting all over the world...
ongoing process at ISO...
Set up the problem as "exchange" (transfer)
Set up the problem as "use" (directly off CD)
sets up problem as interoperability
another view on interoperability (original UCGIS agenda <scroll down>; now it is called "data fusion"...)